PMC

T9 cells were incubated without any BK channel activators (Panel A); 1 hour with 0.01 mM pimaric acid (Panel C); 1 hour with 1 mM phloretin (Panels B and D). All magnifications are 15,000×, except Panel D which was 30,000×. The white arrows indicate the mitochondria, while the black arrows show the endoplasmic reticulum.

Principal component analysis of terpenic composition of phloem extracts from Pinus pinaster (Pb) and Pinus pinea (Pm) trees from 3 sites (a) distinction between the samples (scores) and (b) relation between the terpenic compounds (loadings). PimAcid- Pimaric acid; IsopimAcid- Isopimaric acid; DDAAcid - Di(dehydroabietc acid); DAAcid Dehydroabietic acid, AbAcid- Abietic acid; 15HDAAcid-15-Hydroxy-dehydroabietic acid; 7HDAAcid- 7Hydroxy-dehydroabietic acid.

Peak identities (‘n’ indicates carbon chain length; where shown, i indicates degree of unsaturation): filled triangles, C_n:i indicates fatty acids; filled squares, C_n indicates α,ù-dicarboxylic acids; filled inverted triangles, C_n:i indicates 2-hydroxy fatty acids; open inverted triangle, C_n:i indicates 2,3-dihydroxy fatty acid. Also shown are the structures of four aromatic acids identified: benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) and syringic acid (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid); one monoterpenoid: thymol; six diterpenoids: pimaric acid (P), sandaracopimaric acid (S), isopimaric acid (I), dehydroabietic acid (D), abietic acid (A) and 7-oxo-dehydroabietic acid (O) (labeled as in ) and four steroidal compounds identified: stigmasta-3,5,22-triene, cholesterol, cholesta-3,5-dien-7-one and β-sitosterol; the letters ds represent a disaccharide. Inset displays a partial reconstructed GC-MS TIC of this sample focusing on the diterpenoid (resin) acids and showing the molecular structures of five of those identified: pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, dehydroabietic acid, abietic acid and 7-oxodehydroabietic acid.